ChicagoBokova, Irina. “UNESCO’s Response to the Rise of Violent Extremism: A Decade of Building International Momentum in the Struggle to Protect Cultural Heritage.” J. Paul Getty Trust Occasional Papers in Cultural Heritage Policy, no. 5 (2021). https://www.getty.edu/publications/occasional-papers-5/.
MLABokova, Irina. “UNESCO’s Response to the Rise of Violent Extremism: A Decade of Building International Momentum in the Struggle to Protect Cultural Heritage.” J. Paul Getty Trust Occasional Papers in Cultural Heritage Policy, no. 5, 2021, www.getty.edu/publications/occasional-papers-5/. Accessed Aug. 29, 2019.
“#Unite4Heritage campaign launched by UNESCO Director-General in Baghdad,” UNESCO World Heritage Centre, March 28, 2015, https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1254.
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UN Security Council, “Security Council Extends Mandate of United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, Adopting Resolution 2423 (2018),” press release, UN doc. SC/13400, June 28, 2018, https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/sc13400.doc.htm.
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UN Security Council, “Security Council Unanimously Adopts Resolution 2139 (2014) to Ease Aid Delivery to Syrians, Provide Relief from ‘Chilling Darkness,’” press release, UN doc. SC/11292, February 22, 2014, https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11292.doc.htm.
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French National Assembly, “Autorisant l’adhésion de la France au deuxième protocole relatif à la convention de La Haye de 1954 pour la protection des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé” (Authorizing France’s accession to the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict), doc. no. 4263, November 30, 2016, http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/projets/pl4263.asp.
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See the strategy document, UN doc. 38/C/49, article 55.4.
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The strategy specifically indicates that the term “cultural cleansing” is not a legal term, and was used by me for the first time in a public statement on the situation in Iraq in August 2014, and that it has since been used in public statements, speeches, and interviews to raise awareness of the systematic and deliberate nature of attacks on cultural heritage and diversity perpetrated by violent extremist groups in Syria and Iraq.
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The Responsibility to Protect is an international norm that seeks to ensure that the international community never again fails to halt the mass atrocity crimes of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The concept emerged in response to the failure of the international community to adequately respond to mass atrocities committed in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s. See Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, “What Is R2P?” https://www.globalr2p.org/what-is-r2p/.
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UNESCO, “International Expert Meeting on the Responsibility to Protect as Applied to the Protection of Cultural Heritage,” December 3, 2015, https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1398.
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